1。罗列法(listing) 在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点,然后常用first,second,andfinally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中,下面这篇学生作文就是用罗列法写成的: EarlyRising Earlyrising(早起)ishelpfulinmorethanoneway。First,ithelpstokeepusfit(健康)。Weallneedfreshair。Butairisneversofreshasearlyinthemorning。Besides,wecandogoodtoourhealthfromdoingmorningexercise(做早操)。 Secondly,earlyrisinghelpsusinourstudies。Welearnmorequicklyinthemorning,andfinditeasiertorememberwhatwelearninthemorning。 Thirdly,earlyrisingenables(使能够)ustoplantheworkoftheday。Wecannotworkwellwithoutagoodplan。Justastheplanfortheyearshouldbemadeinthespring,sotheplanforthedayshouldbemadeinthemorning。 Fourthly,earlyrisinggivesusenoughtimetogetreadyforourwork,suchastowashourfacesandhandsandeatourbreakfastproperly。 Laterisersmayfinditverydifficulttoformthehabitofearlyrising。Theyoughttomakespecialeffortstodoso。AstheEnglishproverbsays,Earlytobedandearlytorise,makesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise。 罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落,我们可以注意模仿学习: Thereareseveralgoodreasonswhyweshouldlearnaforeignlanguage。Firstofall,Secondly,Andfinally, WeshouldtryourbesttoplantmoretreesforseveralgoodreasonsFirstofall,Secondly,Andfinally, 必须指出的是,有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first,等词,但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。 2。举例法(examples) 举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思,常用forexample,forinstance,等词语引出。下面这篇学生作文就是用举例法写成的: Recreation Itisimpossibletokeepingoodhealthunlesswetakeenoughrecreation(娱乐)。Themind,too,needschangetomakeitfreshandvigorous(有活力的)Thereismuchtruthintheoldsaying,AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy。 Therearemanygameswhichboysandgirlscanplayaftertheirschoolworkisdone,forinstance,football,tennis,andkiteflying。Otherexamplesofrecreationareboating,fishing,gardening,cycling,walking,chessplaying,andreading。Personswhositmuchattheirbusinessshouldtakeakindofrecreationthatwillsupplytheirmuscles(肌肉)withexercise。Thosewhospendmostoftheirtimeintheopenairanddomanualwork(体力活)shouldadopt(采纳)readingorsomeotherquietformofrecreation。 Cyclingissaidtobeanimportantmeansofrecreation,butmanypersonsfoolishlytireoutthemselvesbycyclingtoomuch。Thesamemaybesaidinregardtofootball。Tennisisapleasantformofrecreation。Manypersonstakegreatdelightinboating。Fishingrequiresmuchpatience,andthereismuchdangeroftakingcoldbysittingstillonacolddaytoolong。Agoodbrisk(轻松)walkisoneofthefinestformsofexercise。Forpersonsengagedinoutdoorlabor,chessplayingisanotherexcellentformofrecreation。 可以看出,举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用:即用罗列法来列出例子,用例子充实罗列的说明。 3。比较法(comparisonandcontrast) 比较法是对两个对象进行比较,从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点(comparison)和比较不同点(contrast)两种方法,比如: FromParagraphtoEssay Althoughtheyaredifferentinlength(长度),theparagraphandtheessayarequitesimilarinstructure(结构)。Forexample,theparagraphstartswitheitheratopicsentence(主题句)oratopicintroducerfollowedbyatopicsentence。Intheessay,thefirstparagraphsetsupthetopicfocus(主题所在)Next,thesentencesinthebodyofaparagraphdevelopthetopicsentence。Similarly,thebodyofanessayconsistsofanumberofparagraphsthatdiscussandsupporttheideasgivenintheintroductory(引导的)paragraph。Finally,aconcludingsentence(结束句)whetherarestatement,conclusion,endstheparagraph。Theessay,too,hasaconcludingparagraphwhichendstheessaylogicallyandsatisfactorily。Althoughtherearesomeexceptions(例外),mostwellwrittenexpository(说明文的)paragraphsandessaysaresimilarinstructure。 可以看出,在比较相同点的时候,常用到similarly,also,too,inthesamecase,inspiteofthedifference等这样的词语。 EuropeanFootballandAmericanFootball AlthoughEuropeanfootballistheparentofAmericanfootball,thetwogamesshowseveralmajordifferences。Europeanfootball,sometimescalledassociationfootballorsoccer,isplayedin80countries,makingitthemostwidelyplayedsportintheworld。Americanfootball,ontheotherhand,ispopularonlyinNorthAmerica(theUnitedStatesandCanada)。Soccerisplayedbyelevenplayerswitharoundball。Football,alsoplayedbyelevenplayersinsomewhatdifferentpositions(位置)onthefield,isplayedwithanelongated(拉长的)roundball。Soccerhaslittlebodycontact(接触)betweenplayersandthereforeneedsnospecialprotectiveequipment。Football,inwhichplayersmakethegreatestuseofbodycontacttostoparunningballcarrierandhisteammates,needsspecialprotectiveequipment。Insoccer,theballisadvancedtowardthegoalbykickingitorbybutting(顶)itwiththehead。InAmericanfootball,ontheotherhand,theballispassedfromhandtohandorcarriedinthehandsacrosstheopponent39;s(对手)goal。Thesearejustafewofthefeatureswhichdistinguish(区别)associationandAmericanfootball。 这是一篇用比较不同点的手法写的说明文。从文章中可以看出:however,ontheotherhand,incontrast,but,nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。 4。定义法(definition) 定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法,特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是: 被定义对象is所属类别限制性定语 可以看出,定义句中限制性定语越详细,定义就越精确,比如: Abatisasmallmouselikeanimalthatfliesatnightandfeedson(以为食品)fruitandinsectsbutisnotabird。 其实,在英英词典中,对英语单词的英文解释就是定义法的典型例子。比如,看看Longman词典对student和teacher的定义是很有意思的:Astudentisapersonwhoisstudyingataplaceofeducationortraining。Ateacherisapersonwhogivesknowledgeorskilltosb。asaprofession(专业)。 5。顺序法(sequenceoftime,spaceandprocess) 顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平,用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义,用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。 Coal Coalunderwent(经受)manychangesbeforeitbecamethebright,brittle(脆的),blacksubstancewhichwenowuse。Duringancienttimes(在上古时代),whentheearthenjoyedaverywarmandwetclimate,thelandwascoveredwithlargeforestsandbigplants。Astimewenton,thegroundchangedandbegantosink(下沉)alittle。Theseverylargenumbersoftreesandvegetablesreceivedadeposit(沉淀)ofsandandclay。Thislayerofsandandclaypresseduponthelayerbeneathandpreventeditfromcontactwithair。Thesetreesandplantsreceivedthepressureandchangeditsappearance。 Generationsaftergenerations(几世纪后),asthegroundkeptgraduallysinking,anotherlayerofsandandclaywasagaindeposited(积聚)abovethelayersalreadyformed。Agreatpressurewasthusexerted(作用)andthepeat(泥煤)waschangedintotheblackandbrittlesubstancewhichisknownascoal。 Coalisakindofmineralwhichisformedbynatureasabovestated。Itisanimportantindustrialmaterialandischieflyusedasfuel。Itisveryvaluableintheindustrialworld。Theplacewherecoaldepositiscalledacoalmine(煤矿)。InChina,coalminesarelargelyfoundinthenorthwestpartofthecountry。Shanxiisafamousprovinceforproducingcoal。IthasthemostcoalofChina。 6。分类法(classification) 分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。比如:著名的英国哲学家弗朗西斯培根(FrancisBacon)在其脍炙人口的《谈读书》(OfStudies)一文中就用到了分类法: Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested,thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts,otherstoberead,butnotcuriously,andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention。Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,